Levels of recommendation & Evidence grades

현대 의학은 Evidence Based Medicine (EBM)을 기본 원칙으로 따르고 있고, 모든 치료법과 진단에는 적절한 근거가 필요하다.

따라서 어떤 질환의 가이드라인에서는 항상 그 치료법의 권고수준 (Levels of Recommendation)과 근거수준 (Levels of Evidence)이 따라오게 된다. 권고수준이라 함은 그 치료를 해야 하는지, 말아야 하는지에 대한 내용이고, 근거수준은 그렇다면 그 권고를 뒷받침하는 근거가 얼마나 탄탄한지를 나타내는 내용이다.

가이드라인을 제시하는 학회마다 권고수준과 근거수준을 제시하는 방식은 조금씩 다른데, 큰 틀은 비슷하다. 권고수준의 경우에는 효과적인 치료법이라는 권고부터, 해를 끼칠 수 있으니 하지 말라는 권고 사이에서 나뉘어지고, 근거수준의 경우에는 Case series/expert opinion, Cross-sectional studies, Case-control studies, Cohort studies, Trials, Systematic review & meta-analysis 순으로 수준이 높아지게 된다.

이번 글은 새로운 권고수준을 발견할 때마다 업데이트 하겠다.


1. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines

모든 ESC Guideline의 권고 및 근거 기준. 모든 가이드라인의 Preamble에서 해당 내용을 다루고 있다.

Levels of Recommendation
Levels of recommendation
I Evidence and/or general agreement that a given treatment or procedure is beneficial, useful, effective Is recommended or is indicated
II Conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of the given treatment or procedure
IIa Weight of evidence/opinions is in favour of usefulness/efficacy Should be considered
IIb Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion Can be considered
III Evidence or general agreement that the given treatment or procedure is not useful/effective, and in some cases may be harmful Is not recommended
Levels of evidence
A Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses
B Data derived from a single randomized clinical trial or large non-randomized studies
C Consensus opinion of experts and/or small studies, retrospective studies or registries

2. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) Guidelines

Class of Recommendation / Level of Evidence
Class (Strength) of Recommendation
Class 1
(Strong)
Benefit >>> Risk Is recommended /
is indicated, useful, effective, beneficial
Class 2a
(Moderate)
Benefit >> Risk Is reasonable /
can be useful, effective, beneficial
Class 2b
(Weak)
Benefit ≥ Risk May/might be reasonable or considered /
usefulness-effectiveness unknown, unclear, uncertain, or not well established
Class 3:
No Benefit
(Moderate)
Benefit = Risk Is not recommended /
is not indicated, useful, effective, beneficial
Class 3:
Harm
(Strong)
Risk > Benefit Potentially harmful /
causes harm / associated with excess morbidity-mortality
Level (Quality) of Evidence
Level A High-quality evidence from more than 1 RCT; meta-analyses of high-quality RCTs; one or more RCTs corroborated by high-quality registry studies
Level B-R
(Randomized)
Moderate-quality evidence from 1 or more RCTs; meta-analyses of moderate-quality RCTs
Level B-NR
(Nonrandomized)
Moderate-quality evidence from 1 or more well-designed, well-executed nonrandomized studies, observational studies, or registry studies; meta-analyses of such studies
Level C-LD
(Limited Data)
Randomized or nonrandomized observational or registry studies with limitations of design or execution; meta-analyses of such studies; physiological or mechanistic studies in human subjects
Level C-EO
(Expert Opinion)
Consensus of expert opinion based on clinical experience
COR과 LOE는 서로 독립적으로 결정된다 (어떤 COR도 어떤 LOE와 조합될 수 있음).

LOE C의 권고라고 해서 권고가 약하다는 의미는 아니다. 가이드라인에서 다루는 많은 중요한 임상적 질문들은 RCT로 검증하기 어려운 경우가 많으며, RCT가 없더라도 특정 검사나 치료가 유용/효과적이라는 명확한 임상적 합의가 존재할 수 있다.